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A slotting fee, slotting allowance, pay-to-stay, or fixed trade spending is a fee charged to produce companies or manufacturers by supermarket distributors (retailers) in order to have their product placed on their shelves.〔Sparks, Brian. "(Slotting fee battle continues )." ''American Fruit Grower.'' January, 2001. Retrieved on August 1, 2006.〕 The fee varies greatly depending on the product, manufacturer, and market conditions. For a new product, the initial slotting fee may be approximately $25,000 per item in a regional cluster of stores, but may be as high as $250,000 in high-demand markets.〔Copple, Brandon. "(Shelf-Determination )." ''Forbes.'' April 15, 2002. Retrieved on August 1, 2006.〕 In addition to slotting fees, retailers may also charge promotional, advertising and stocking fees. According to an FTC study, the practice is "widespread" in the supermarket industry. Many grocers earn more profit from agreeing to carry a manufacturer's product than they do from actually selling the product to retail consumers. According to retailers, fees serve to efficiently allocate scarce retail shelf space, help balance the risk of new product failure between manufacturers and retailers, help manufacturers signal private information about potential success of new products, and serve to widen retail distribution for manufacturers by mitigating retail competition. Vendors charge that slotting fees are a move by the grocery industry to profit at their suppliers' expense. Some companies argue that slotting fees are unethical as they create a barrier to entry for smaller businesses that do not have the cash flow to compete with large companies. The use of slotting fees can, in some instances, lead to abuse by retailers such as in the case where a bakery firm was asked for a six figure fee to carry its items for a specific period with no guarantee their products would be carried in future periods.〔()〕 The same practice is common on major bookstore chains in the US as well, as far back as the mid-nineties.〔(In Bookstore Chains, Display Space Is for Sale ) ''New York Times.'' January, 1996. Retrieved on August 22, 2012.〕 In some countries, e.g. in Poland slotting fees are illegal. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Slotting fee」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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